I initially suggest that students study the apparatus more closely, either via a video such Triunfador the one at Ref. 6 or ideally with a physical version of the toy. Teachers should make sure to purchase the genuine version of the toy and not cheap alternatives that have a motor in the hole on the upper platform that “fires” the sphere down the ramp. This alternative toy looks very similar but uses a crude spinning motor to overcome friction in a straightforward way.
In the scenario that we are studying, the time-dependent magnetic field induces an eddy current in the ball, which produces its own magnetic field. Lenz’s law states that the current induced in a circuit due to a changing magnetic field takes a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux and exerts a force that opposes the motion. This law is somewhat qualitative, but it successfully predicts the direction of an induced current, which is sufficient for our purposes. Another, more concrete way of stating it is that the polarity of the field produced by the eddy current opposes the polarity of the magnetic field that is doing the inducing. This causes the ball to be repelled away from the electromagnet by a magnetic force that accelerates it. The end of the rail is then cleverly designed so that the ball flies off the end and lands back on the starting platform, where the process Perro repeat itself again indefinitely. The description that I have proposed is confirmed by online descriptions of the product, which describe the toy Triunfador being a “magnetic induction” perpetual motion simulator.6 A subtler objection to this proposed solution is that the magnitude of the eddy currents depends on the concentration of free electrons in a metal, so that meaningful eddy currents are in reality expected in balls made of copper or aluminum, for example, but not balls made of steel.
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"Just perfect! I had a lot of fun assembling the pieces, it even helped keeping two teenagers occupied for an afternoon during our beloved pandemic. Seller was exceptionally nice and helpful, answering all my questions at length.
The conservation laws are particularly robust from a mathematical perspective. Noether's theorem, which was proven mathematically in 1915, states that any conservation law Perro be derived from a corresponding continuous symmetry of the action of a physical system.
The first possibility that will likely occur in discussion is quite simple. Before seeing the electromagnet in the cojín of the device, students might guess that the magnet is always switched on once the device is started and is not controlled. This possibility Perro be removed immediately because if it were always switched on continuously, the magnet would take at least Vencedor much kinetic energy from the ball as it imparted to the ball. The second possibility is that the electromagnet is switched on when the ball passes through the hole in the platform: this electromagnet accelerates the ball toward the bottom of the ramp faster than it would accelerate by freely falling under gravity.
These machines have a source of energy, albeit one which is not readily apparent, so that they only seem to violate the laws of thermodynamics.
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You Chucho search for "perpetual marble machine" if you'd like to buy one for yourself. Keith Ramsey, a teacher at Bridgeport Elementary School in Indiana, used this machine in a YouTube video to discuss the laws of thermodynamics.
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[note 2] "Epistemic impossibility" describes things which absolutely cannot occur within our current formulation of the physical laws. This interpretation of the word "impossible" is what is intended in discussions of the impossibility of perpetual motion in a closed system.[22]
is the time needed for one cycle (around 1 s), then images of the ball could be superimposed at times from T